Forms Of The Relative Pronouns

The Relative Pronoun who has different forms for Accusative and Genitive.
                                              Singular and Plural
Nominative           :                          who
Genitive                :                         whose
Accusative            :                  whom/who
     This is the boy ( or girl ) who works hard.      This is the boy ( or girl ) whose exercise is done well.      This is the boy ( or girl ) whom/who all praise.    These are the boys (or girls ) who work hard.     These are the boys (or girls ) whose exercises are done well.     These are the boys (or girls ) whom/who all praise.
     It will be noticed that the forms are the same for singular and plural, masculine and feminine.

• The Relative Pronoun which has the same form for the Nominative and Accusative cases; as, 

                     This is the house which belongs to my uncle

• The Relative Pronoun which has no Genitive case, but whose is used as a substitute for ' of which '; as,

                    A triangle whose three sides are equal is called an equilateral triangle.

• The Relative Pronoun that has the same form in the Singular and Plural, and in the Nominative and Accusative. It has no Genitive case; as,     He that is content is rich.    They that touch pitch will be defiled.     Take anything that you like.
• The Relative Pronoun what is used only in the Singular, and has the same form in the Nominative and Accusative; as,     What has happened is  not clear.     I say what I mean.     He failed in what he attempted.

                     

       

Relative Pronouns

Read the following pairs of sentences:-
1.    I met John. John had just returned.
2.    I have found the pen. I lost the pen.
3.    Here is the book. You lent me the book.
       Let us know combine each of the above pairs into one sentence. Thus:-
1.    I met John who had just returned.
2.    I have found the pen which I lost.
3.    Here is the book that you lent me.
Now let us examine the work done by each of the words, who, which and that.
The word who is used instead of the noun John. It, therefore, does the work of a Pronoun.
The word who joins or connects two statements. It, therefore, does the work of Conjunction.
       The word who, therefore, does double work--the work of a Pronoun and also the work of a Conjunction. We might, therefore, call it a Conjunctive Pronoun. It is, however, called a Relative Pronoun because it refers or relate to some noun going before, which is called its Antecedent.
       Let the learners show why which and that are also Relative Pronouns in the second and third sentences.
What is the Antecedent of which in the second sentence?
What is the Antecedent of that in the third sentence?

Distributive Pronouns

Consider the following sentences:-
Each of the boys gets the prize.     Each took it in turn.      Either of these roads leads to the railway station.    Either of you can go.     Neither of the accusations is true.
      Each, either, neither are called Distributive Pronouns because they refer to persons or things one at a time. For this reason they are always singular and as such followed by the verb in the singular.
Note:-  Each is used to denote every one of a number of persons or things taken singly.
Either means not the one nor the other of two. It is the negative of either.
     Hence either and neither should be used only in speaking of two persons or things. When more than two are spoken of, any no one, none should be used.

Indefinite Pronouns

Consider the following sentences:-
One hardly knows what to do.     One cannot be too careful of one's good name.    One must not boost of one's own success.    None of his poems are well known.      None but fools have ever believed it.    All were drowned.    Some are born great.    Somebody has stolen my watch.     Nobody was there to rescue the child. Few escaped unhurt.     Many of them were soldiers.    We didn't see any of them again.    Do good to others. What is everybody's business is nobody's business.   His words are in everyone's mouth.
     All these Pronouns in italics refer to persons or things in a general way, but do not refer to any person or thing in particular. They are, therefore, called Indefinite Pronouns.
     Most of these words may also be used as Adjectives; as, 
I will take you there one day.      Any fool can do that.     He is a man of few words, etc.  

Demonstrative Pronouns

Consider the following sentences:-
This a person from my uncle.     These are merely excuses.   Make haste, that's a good boy.    My views are quite in accordance with those of the University Commission.     That is the red fart.
      It will be noticed that the Pronouns in italics are used to point out the objects to which they refer, and are, therefore, called Demonstrative Pronouns.
This refers to what is close at hand, and nearest to the thought or person of the speaker; that refers to what is 'over there', farther away, and more remote; as,     This is better than that.

Reflexive And Emphatic Pronouns

When -self is added to my, your, him, her, it, and -selves to our, your, them, we get what are called Compound Personal Pronouns. They are called Reflexive Pronouns when the action done by the subject turns back upon the subject; as,  I hurt myself, You will hurt yourself,   He hurt himself,  We hurt ourselves, etc.
      It will be noticed that each of these Reflexive Pronouns is used as the Object of a Verb, and refers to the same person or thing as that denoted by the subject of the verb.
     Sometimes in old English, especially in poetry, a simple pronoun was used reflexively; as,
                                       Now I lay me down to sleep.
     The word self is sometimes used as a Noun; as,     He thinks much of self,    He cares for nothing but self.

Emphatic Pronouns:-    Now look at the following sentences.
 I will do it myself.     I myself saw him do it.     We will see to it ourselves.    You yourself can best explain.   She herself says so.    We saw the Prime Minister himself.    The town itself is not very large.
      It will be seen that here Compound Personal Pronouns are used for the sake of emphasis, and are therefore called Emphatic Pronouns.

Forms Of The Personal Pronouns

The following are the different forms of the Personal Pronouns:-
                                                First Person    ( Masculine or Feminine )
                                                Singular                               Plural
Nominative                                   I                                          we
Possessive                                 my, mine                               our, ours
Accusative                                    me                                        us

                                               Second Person ( Masculine or Feminine )
                                                                Singular/Plural
Nominative                                    you
Possessive                                  your, yours
Accusative                                     you

                                               Third Person
                                                     Singular                                Plural
                        Masculine           Feminine       Neuter      All Genders 
Nominative           he                          she                 it                  they
Possessive           his                        her, hers           its              their, theirs
Accusative          him                         her                  it                 them

• It will be seen that the possessive cases of most of the Personal Pronouns have two forms. Of these the forms my, our, your, her, their are called Possessive Adjectives because they are used with nouns and do the work of adjectives; as This is my book.    Those are your books.  That is her book. Possessive Adjectives are sometimes called Pronominal Adjectives, as they are formed from pronouns.    
• The word his is used both as an Adjective and as a Pronoun; as, This is his book ( Possessive Adjective ),  This book is his ( Possessive Pronoun ).  In the following sentences the words in italics are Possessive Pronouns:-     This book is mine.    That book is hers.  That idea of yours is excellent.                  

                       

Personal Pronouns

Read the following Sentences:-
I am young,     We are young,    You are young,    They are young,     He (she) is young.
I, we, you, he,(she,it),  they are called Personal Pronouns because they stand for the three persons,
i)   the person speaking,   ii)   the person spoken to, and   iii)   the person spoken of.
     The pronouns I and we, which denote the person or persons speaking, are said to be Personal Pronouns of the First person.
     The pronoun You, which denotes the person or persons spoken to, is said to be a Personal Pronoun of the Second Person.. You is used both in the singular and plural.
     The pronouns he (she) and they, which denote the person or persons spoken of, are said to be Personal Pronouns of the Third Person. It, although it denotes the thing spoken of, is also called a Personal Pronoun of the Third Person.

What is Pronoun?

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun. We may say:-     John is absent, because John is ill. But it is better to avoid the repetition of the noun John, and say--  John is absent, because he is ill. A word that is thus used instead of a noun is called a Pronoun ( Pronoun means for-a-noun ). 

Use Of The Indefinite Article

The Indefinite Article is used--
1.    In its original numerical sense of one; as,   Twelve inches make a foot.     Not a word was said.    A word to the wise is sufficient.     A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
2.    In the vague sense of a certain; as,      A man is suspected by the police.     One evening a beggar came to my door.
3.    In the sense of any, to single out an individual as the representative of a class; as,
A pupil should obey his master.     A cow is a useful animal.
4.    To make a common noun of a proper noun; as,   A Daniel come to judgement! ( A very wise man ) 

Use Of The Definite Article

The Definite Article The is used-
1.    When we talk about a particular person or thing, or one already referred to ( that is, when it is clear from the context which one we mean); as,
The book you want is out of print.      Let's go to the park.      The girl cried, etc.
2.    When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole class; as,
The cow is a useful animal.      The horse is a noble animal.      The cat loves comfort.     The banyan is a kind of fig tree.     The rose is the sweetest of all flowers, etc.

• The two nouns man and a woman ( or men and women ) can be used in a general sense without either article; as,   Man is the only animal that uses fire.    Woman is man's mate.
• But in present-day English a man and a woman are more useful as,  

         A woman is more sensitive than a man.
3.      Before some proper names, viz., these kinds of place names:

a)      Oceans and seas, e.g. the Pacific, the Black sea.
b)      Rivers, e.g. the Ganga, the Nile.
c)      Canals, e.g. the Suez Canal.
d)      Deserts, e.g. the Sahara.
e)      Groups of islands, e.g. the West Indies.
f)       Mountain-ranges, e.g. the Himalayas.
g)      A very few names of countries, which include words like republic and kingdom; as, the United          Kingdom, the Irish Republic, the Ukraine, etc.
4.      Before the names of certain books; as, the Bible, the Holy Qur'an.   
5.      Before names of things unique of their kind; as,  the sun, the sky, the earth, etc.
6.      Before a proper noun when it is qualified by an adjective or a defining adjectival clause; as,  
                                   The great Caesar.      The immortal Shakespeare.
7.      With Superlatives; as,  The darkest cloud has a silver lining.    This is the best book for.......
8.      With ordinals; as, He was the first man to arrive.   The ninth chapter of the book is interesting.
9.      Before musical instruments; as,    He can play the flute.
10.    Before an adjective when the noun is understood; as,   The poor are always with us.
11.    Before a noun to give the force of a Superlative; as,  The verb is the word in a sentence.
12.    As an Adverb with Comparatives; as,   The more they get, the more they want. 

Articles

The words A or An  and The are called Articles. They come before nouns. A or An is called the Indefinite Article, because it usually leaves indefinite the person or thing spoken of; as,

A doctor; that is, any doctor.

The is called the Definite Article, because it normally points out some particular person or thing; as,

He saw the doctor; meaning some particular doctor.

The Indefinite Article is used before singular countable nouns, e.g., A book, an orange, a girl, etc.

The Definite Article is used before singular countable nouns, plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns, e.g., the book, the books, the milk, etc.

                                                                         A or An 

• The choice between A and An is determined by sound. Before a word beginning with a vowel sound An is used; as,    an ass, an enemy, an orange, an umbrella, an hour, an honest, etc.

• It will be noticed that the words hour, honest, heir begin with a vowel sound, as the initial consonant  h is not pronounced.
• Before a word beginning with a consonant sound a is used; as, A boy, a reindeer, a woman, etc.
• Some native speakers use an before words beginning with h if the first syllable is not stressed; as, An hotel ( more common; a hotel ), an historical novel ( more common; a historical novel ).

 

        

The Correct Use of Some Adjectives

Some, any--To express quantity or degree some is used normally in affirmative sentences, any in negative or interrogative sentences; as,
I will buy some mangoes.       I will not buy any mangoes.     Have you bought any mangoes?
But any can be used after if in affirmative sentences; as,    If you need any money I will help you.
Some is used in questions which are really offers/requests or which expect the answer " yes ".
   Will you have some ice-cream? ( offer )
   Could you lend me some money? ( request )
   Did you buy some clothes? ( = I expect you did )
Each, every-- Each and every are similar in meaning, but every is a stronger word than each; it means, ' each without exception '. Each is used in speaking of two or more things; every is used only in speaking of more than two. Each directs attention to the individuals forming any group, every to the total group. Each is used only when the number in the group is limited and definite; every when the number is indefinite; as,       
Every seat was taken.      Five boys were seated on each bench.     Each one of these chairs is broken.       Leap year falls in every fourth year.    He came to see us every three days. It rained every day during my holidays.    I was away ten days and it rained each day.  
Little = not much ( i.e., hardly any ). Thus the adjective little has a negative meaning; as, 
There is little hope of his recovery, i.e., he is not likely to recover.
He showed little concern for his nephew.
He has little appreciation of good poetry.
A little= some though not much. ' A little ' has a positive meaning; as,
There is a little hope of his recovery, i.e.,he may possibly recover.
A little tack would have saved the situation.
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
The little=not much, but all there is; as,
The little information he had was not quite reliable.
The little knowledge of carpentry that he possessed stood him in good stead.
Few= not many, hardly any, ' few ' has a negative meaning; as,
Few persons can keep a secret.
Few people are so hopeless as drunkards.
Few towns in England have public libraries.
A few=some, ' A few ' has a positive meaning , and is opposed to ' none ' ; as,
A few words spoken in earnest will convince him.
A few Parsees write English correctly.
The few=not many, but all there are; as,
The few remarks that he made were very suggestive.
The few friends he has are all very poor.
The few clothes they had were all tattered and torn.

The Adjective-Irregular Comparison

The following adjectives are compared irregularly, that is, their Comparative and Superlative are not formed from the Positive:-
          Positive                      Comparative                     Superlative
      good, well                      better                                 best
      bad, evil, ill                     worse                                worst
      little                                less, lesser                          least
      much                                 more                               most
      many                                 more                               most
      late                                later, latter                      latest, last
      old                                older, elder                     oldest, eldest
       far                                  farther                             farthest
    

The Adjective-Formation Of Comparative And Superlative

Most Adjectives of one syllable, and some of more than one, form the Comparative by adding er and the Superlative by adding est to the Positive; as,
                                      Positive                 Comparative           Superlative
                                      sweet                       sweeter                  sweetest
                                      small                        smaller                   smallest
                                      tall                            taller                      tallest
                                      bold                         bolder                    boldest, etc. 

• When the Positive ends in e, only r and st are added; as,

                                     brave                       braver                      bravest
                                     fine                          finer                          finest
                                     large                        larger                        largest, etc.

• When the Positive ends in y, preceded by a consonant, the y is changed into i before adding er and est; as,

                                    happy                       happier                      happiest
                                   easy                          easier                         easiest
                                   heavy                        heavier                       heaviest, etc.

• When the Positive is a word of one syllable and ends in a single consonant, preceded by a short vowel, this consonant is doubled before adding er and est; as,

                                 red                            redder                          reddest
                                 big                            bigger                           biggest
                                 hot                            hotter                           hottest, etc.

• Adjectives of more than two syllables form the Comparative and Superlative by putting more and most before the Positive; as,

                                beautiful                    more beautiful               most beautiful
                               difficult                       more difficult                most difficult
                               industrious                 more industrious           most industrious, etc.

• The Comparative in er is not used when we compare two qualities in the same person or thing. If we wish to say that the courage of John is greater than the courage of Peter, we say,

                                           John is braver than Peter.
      But if we wish to say that the courage of John is greater than his prudence, we must say,
                                          John is more brave than prudent.

• When two objects are compared with each other, the latter term of comparison must exclude the former; as,     Iron is more useful than any other metal.                          

                                

Comparison Of Adjectives

Read these sentences:

1. Peter's mango is sweet.
2. John's mango is sweeter than Peter's
3. Lisa's mango is the sweetest of all.

In sentence 1, the adjective 'sweet' merely tells us that Peter's mango has the quality of sweetness, without saying how much of this quality it has.
In sentence 2, the adjective ' sweeter ' tells us that John's mango, compared with Peter's, has more of the quality of sweetness.
In sentence 3, the adjective ' sweetest ' tells us that of all these mangoes Lisa's mango has the greatest amount or highest degree of the quality of sweetness.
We thus see that Adjectives change in form ( sweet, sweeter, sweetest ) to show comparison. They are called the three Degrees of Comparison.
The Adjective ' sweet ' is said to be in the Positive Degree.
The Adjective ' sweeter ' is said to be in the Comparative Degree.
The Adjective ' sweetest ' is said to be in the Superlative Degree.
The positive degree of an Adjective is the adjective in its simple form. It is used to denote the mere existence of some quality of what we speak about. It is used when no comparison is made.
The comparative degree of an adjective denotes a higher degree of the quality than the positive, and is used when two things ( or sets of things ) are compared; as, This boy is stronger than that.
.The superlative degree of an adjective denotes the highest degree of the quality, and is used when more than two things are compared; as,  This boy is the strongest in the class.

The Adjective-Exercise

Pic out all the adjectives in the following sentences, and say to which class each of them belongs:-
The ship sustained heavy damage.     I have called several times.    Every dog has his day.    A live ass is better than a dead lion.     Every man has his duties.    Say the same thing twice over.    Several persons were present at the time.    He is a man of few words.    Neither party is quite in the right.    What time is it?     Which pen do you prefer?    The way was long, the wind was cold, the minster was infirm and old.   He comes here every day. I have not seen him for several days.    There should not be much talk and little work.     The child fell down from the great height.    He died a glorious death.     A small leak may sink a great ship.    Good wine needs no bush.    I like the little pedlar who has a crooked nose.    King Francis was a hearty king, and loved a royal sport.    In the furrowed land the toilsome and patient oxen stand.    My uncle lives in the next house.    A cross child is not liked.     It is an ill wind that blows nobody any good.

Kinds of Adjectives

Adjectives may be divided into the following classes:-
Adjectives of Quality ( or Descriptive Adjective ):
Show the kind of quality of a person or thing.
For example:-     He is an honest man.      The foolish old crow tried to sing.  This is the Grammar of the English Language.   London is a large city, etc.
Adjectives of quality answer the question : Of what kind?
Adjectives of Quantity:      Show how much of a thing is meant; as,
I ate some rice.     He showed much patience.     He has little intelligence.     He has lost all his wealth, etc.
Adjectives of Quantity answer the question : How much?
Adjectives of Number:      Show how many persons or things are meant, or in what order a person or things stands; as,    The hand has five fingers.     Few cats like cold water.    I have taught you many things.    All men must die.    Here are some ripe mangoes.    Most boys like cricket, etc.
Adjectives of Number answer the question:   How many?
Demonstrative Adjectives:      Point out which person or thing is meant; as,
This boy is stronger than Hari.      That boy is industrious.    These mangoes are sour.     Those rascals must be punished.    I hate such things, etc.
Demonstrative Adjectives answer the question:   Which ?

The Adjective

A word used with a noun to describe or point out, the person, animal, place or thing which the noun names, or to tell the number of quantity, is called an ADJECTIVE. So we may define an Adjective as a word used with a noun to add something for its meaning.
For example:-      The lazy boy was punished.         The boy is lazy.
In sentence 1, the adjective ' lazy ' is used along with the noun ' boy ' as an epithet or predicate. It is, therefore, said to be used Attributively. In sentence 2, the adjective ' lazy ' is used along with the verb is, and forms part of the Predicate. It is, therefore, said to be used Predicatively.
Some Adjectives can be used only Predicatively.
For example:-        She is afraid of ghost.        I am quite well.

How Plural Nouns Are Formed

( i )     The plural of nouns is generally formed by adding -s to the singular.
For example:-     boy-boys, girl-girls, book-books, pen-pens, desk-desks, etc.
( ii )   But nouns ending in -s, -sh, -ch, or -x form the plural by adding -es to the singular.
For example:-   class-classes, kiss-kisses, dish-dishes, brush-brushes, match-matches, etc
( iii )   Most nouns ending in -o also form the plural by adding -es to the singular.
For example:-   buffalo-buffaloes, mango-mangoes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, etc
( iv )    A few nouns ending in -o merely add -s.
For example:-    dynamo-dynamos, solo-solos, ratio-ratios, canto-cantos, logo-logos, etc.
( v )    Nouns ending in -y, preceded by a consonant, form their plural by changing -y into -i and adding -es.
For example:-     baby-babies, lady-ladies, city-cities, army-armies, story-stories, pony-ponies, etc.
( vi )    The following nouns ending in -f or -fe form their plural by changing -f or -fe into v and adding -es.
For example:-    thief-thieves, wife-wives, wolf-wolves, life-lives, calf-calves, leaf-leaves, loaf-loaves, knife-knives, shelf-shelves, half-halves, elf-elves, self-selves, sheaf-sheaves.

• The nouns dwarf, hoof, scarf and wharf take either -s or -ves in the plural.

For example:-    dwarfs or dwarves, hoofs or hooves, scarfs or scarves, wharfs or wharves.

• Other words ending in -f or -fe add -s. 

For example:-    chief-chiefs, safe-safes, proof-proofs, gulf-gulfs, cliff-cliffs, handkerchief-handkerchiefs.

• A few nouns form their plural by changing the inside vowel of the singular.

For example:-     man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, mouse-mice, louse-lice.

• There are a few nouns that form their plural by adding -en to the singular.

For example:-    ox-oxen, child-children.
The plural of 'fish' is fish or fishes.In current English fish is the usual plural. Fishes can be used to refer to different kinds of fish.

• Some nouns have the singular and the plural alike.

For example:-    swine, sheep, deer, cod, trout, salmon, aircraft, spacecraft, series, species, pair, dozen, score, gross, hundred, thousand ( when used after numerals ) .
I bought three dozen oranges.
Some people reach the age of three score and ten.
The sari cost me five thousand rupees.
Stone, hundredweight.
He weighs above nine stone.

• Some nouns are used only in the plural.

1. Names of instruments which have two parts forming a kind of pair.

For example:-    bellows, scissors, tongs, pincers, spectacles.
     2.  Names of certain articles of dress.
For example:-    trousers, drawers, breeches, jeans, tights, shorts, pajamas, etc.
    3.   Certain other nouns.
For example:-    annals, thanks, proceeds, findings, environs, nuptials, obsequies, assets, chattels.

• Some nouns originally singular are now generally used in the plural.

For example:-    alms, riches, eaves.
Riches do many things.

• The following nouns look plural but are in fact singular:-

1.   Names of subjects

For example:-     mathematics, physics, electronics, etc.
2.   The word ' news '
3.    Names of some common diseases.
For example:-     measles, mumps, rickets.
4.    Names of some games.
For example:-    billiards, draughts, etc.
Mathematics is his favorite study.
No news is good news.
India won by an innings and three runs.
Measles is infectious.
Billiards is my favorite game.

• Certain Collective Nouns, though singular in form, are always used as plural.

For example:-    poultry, cattle, vermin, people, gentry.

• A Compound Noun generally forms its plural by adding -s to the principal word; as, 

Commander-in-chief      commanders-in-chief,     son-in-law   sons-in-law,    stepson--stepsons     stepdaughter     stepdaughters,    maidservant    maidservants,    passer-by     passers-by,    looker-on    lookers-on,    man-of-war      men-of-war, etc.

 

Learn English Grammar: Parts Of Speech

Learn English Grammar: Parts Of Speech

What is Noun?

A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing. The word 'thing' is used to mean anything that we can think of.
For example:-      This bike is in good working condition.

• When a noun names something you can see or touch, it is called Concrete Noun.

For example:-     wall, house, car, boy, girl, are concrete nouns.

• When a noun names things that can't be seen or touched, it is called an Abstract Noun.

For example:-        goodness, kindness, honesty, wisdom, bravery, etc 
                    There are two types of Nouns:-

1. Common Noun.    A common noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind  ( Common here means shared by all ), as, girl, school, train, etc.
2. Proper Noun.      A proper noun is the name of some particular person or place; as, America, London, France, Shakespeare, are proper nouns. ( Proper means one's own. Hence a proper name is a person's own name )

                    Singular & Plural Nouns:-
The nouns are always in singular and plural forms.

1. Singular Noun.    A noun representing a person, a thing, or a place, is called Singular Noun.

 For example:-    boy. school, college, etc

   2.   Plural Noun.    A noun representing two or more nouns, things or places, is called Plural Noun.

For example:-      boys, girls, schools, colleges, etc, are plural nouns.

Parts Of Speech

Words are divided into different kinds or clauses, called Parts Of Speech, according to their use; that is, according to the work they do in a sentence. The parts of speech are eight in number:-
1.     Noun     2.     Adjective     3.     Pronoun     4.     Verb     5.     Adverb     6.     Preposition
7.     Conjunction     8.     Interjection
A NOUN is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing;as, Akbar was a great king.
Note-The word thing includes ( i ) all objects that we can see, hear, taste, touch, or smell; and ( ii ) something that we can think of, but cannot perceive by the sense.
An ADJECTIVE is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun; as, He is a brave boy.
A PRONOUN is a word used instead of a noun; as, John is absent, because he is ill.
A VERB is a word used to express an action or state; as, The girl wrote a letter to her cousin.
An ADVERB is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb; as, This flower is very beautiful.
A PREPOSITION is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else; as, There is a cow in the garden.
A CONJUNCTION is a word used to join words or sentences; as, Rama and Hari are cousins
An INTERJECTION is a word which expresses some sudden feeling; as, Hurrah! We have won the game.
         Some modern grammars include determiners among the parts of speech. Determiners are words like a, an, the, this, that, these, those, every, each, some, any, my, his, one, two, etc., which determine or limit the meaning of the nouns that follow. Like many traditional grammars, all determiners except a, an and the are classed among adjectives.
        As words are divided into different classes according to the work they do in sentences, it is clear that we cannot say to which part of speech a word belongs unless we see it used in a sentence. For example,
They arrived soon after ( Adverb )
They arrived after us ( Preposition )
They arrived after we had left ( Conjunction )
        From the above examples we see that the same words can be used as different parts of speech.

Subject And Predicate-Exercise

In the following sentences separate the Subject and the Predicate:-
1)   The cackling of geese saved Rome.
2)   The boy stood on the burning deck.
3)   Tubal Cain was a man of might.
4)   The singing of the birds delights us.
5)   Stone walls do not make a prison.
6)   Miss Kitty was rude at the table one day.
7)   He has a good memory.
8)   The earth revolves round the sun.
9)   Nature is the best physician.
10)   Edison invested the phonograph.

Subject And Predicate

When we make a sentence we name some person or thing and say something about the person or thing. In other words, we must have a subject to speak about and we must say or predicate some thing about that subject. Hence every sentence has two parts--
1)   The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about. This is called the SUBJECT of the sentence.
2)   The part which tells something about the subject, is called PREDICATE of the sentence.
      The subject of a sentence usually comes first, but occasionally it is put after the predicate; as, Here comes the bus.
In Imperative Sentences the Subject is left out; as, Sit down (here the Subject 'you' is understood).

Kinds of Sentences

Sentences are of four kinds:-
1)   Those which make statements or assertions; as, Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.
2)   Those which ask questions; as, Where do you live?
3)   Those which express commands, requests, or entreaties; as, Be quiet.
4)   Those which express strong feelings; as, How cold the night is!, What a shame, etc.
A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called a DECLARATIVE or ASSERTIVE sentence.
A sentence that asks a question is called an INTERROGATIVE sentence.
A sentence that expresses a command or an entreaty is called an IMPERATIVE sentence.
A sentence that expresses strong feeling is called an EXCLAMATORY sentence.

What is a Sentence?

When we speak or write we use words. We generally use these words in groups; as, little Jack Homer sat in a corner. A group of words like this, which makes complete sentence, is called a SENTENCE.

English Grammar

This Blog presents the various Grammatical forms and relates them to meanings and uses. The clear explanations and examples, followed by a lot of practice material, will help you to understand the grammatical system and make correct sentences. Can we say "two dozens of bananas"? We can't. We should say "two dozen bananas" Dozen, score, hundred, thousand and million don't take -s when a number comes before them. There are a lot of points like these to learn. You will find the usage points woven into the description of the grammatical system. Note that you can't master grammar by merely reading the rules and examples. You should PRACTICE . Don't neglect to do the exercises.